According to professional scholarly research, and echoed the two US Presidents in the 2008-09 Congressional Apology Resolution, HR # 94 (Simple), respectively being Republican and Democrat, the transatlantic shipping of African slaves, their forced transformation into chattel, is considered one of the gravest crimes against humanity in the recorded history of the world, producing untold, devastating, generational consequences.

Whereas on July 8, 2003, during a trip to Goree Island, Senegal, a former slave port, President George W. Bush acknowledged slavery’s continuing legacy in American life and the need to confront that legacy when he stated that slavery `was . . . one of the greatest crimes of history . . .

…The racial bigotry fed by slavery did not end with slavery or with segregation.  And many of the issues that still trouble America have roots in the bitter experience of other times.  But however long the journey, our destiny is set: liberty and justice for all;

Whereas President Bill Clinton also acknowledged the deep-seated problems caused by the continuing legacy of racism against African-Americans that began with slavery when he initiated a national dialogue about race